The present work studies the Bio-convection movement of an incompressible non-Newtonian Sutterby liquid on a stretchable surface in the existence of both nanomaterials and microbes. The liquid flows throughout a leaky region and is affected by a homogeneous vertical magnetic field. The energy spread is established by Ohmic and non-Newtonian dissipations in addition to an exponentially-space heat source, while the nanomaterials transmission is reachable with chemical reaction. The physical configuration is covered by force, temperature, nano-volume fractions, and microbes’ formulae together with the appropriate border criteria. The novel aspect of this work is motivated due to its consideration of the exponential distribution of viscosity with temperature, concentration of microorganisms, and nanoparticles. Furthermore, the involvement of microbes in the flow across a stretched surface added another innovative feature, in light of its wide application range. The foremost format of nonlinear partial differential formulae is transformed into ordinary ones providing suitable match converters. These formulae are scrutinized by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical technique with the support of shooting criteria. Consequently, arithmetical and graphical foundations of the objective distributions are achieved. The conclusions are examined, and significant results are summarized. Several important physiognomies are completed from the outcomes. The heat profile improves the efficient factors, which is an excellent rule that may be employed in various implications. Microbes’ accumulation is found to increase with the increase of viscosity variation, whereas it decreases with the growth of Peclet, Lewis numbers, and the Bio convection constants. Such findings may be useful in expecting the behavior of these microscopic organisms through similar flows.

The effect of vertical throughflow on the onset of Bio-thermal convection in a water-based Nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms is investigated using more realistic boundary conditions. The Galerkin weighted residual method is used to obtain numerical solutions of the mathematical model. The effects of Bioconvection Rayleigh number, gyrotaxis number, Bioconvection Pé clet number, Lewis number, Pé clet number, particle density increment number, modified diffusitivity ratio, and nanoparticle Rayleigh number on thermal Rayleigh number are examined. The combined effect of Brownian motion and thermophoresis of nanoparticles, vertical throughflow, and gyrotactic microorganisms on the thermal Rayleigh number is found to be destabilizing and its value is decreased by first to third orders of magnitude as compared to regular fluids. Critical wave number is dependent on Bioconvection parameters, Nanofluid parameters as well as throughflow parameter. The results obtained using passive boundary conditions are compared with those of active boundary conditions. The present study may find applications in seawater convection at the ocean crust.

The current study investigates the mixed convective flow of MHD tangent hyperbolic Nanofluid due to a stretching surface with motile micro-organisms via convective heat transfer and slip conditions. The flow analysis's governing equations were converted into a non-dimensional relation by using the proper alteration. The PDE model equations are computed for these transformed equations using the MATLAB- bvp4c scheme. Skin friction, Sherwood number, Nusselt number, and the profiles of motile microorganisms are engineering-relevant quantities when compared to various physical variables. In comparison to recent literature, Skin friction is consistent for magnetic parameter; the results demonstrated a good consistency. Furthermore, an enhancement in the radiation and mixed convection parameter's magnitude enhances the velocity profile. Weissenberg number and magnetic field are used to study the reverse impact. The impact of thermal radiation parameter, Brownian movement, and thermophoretic effects are additional factors that frequently improve heat transfer. Through graphical and tabular explanations, the physical interpretation has been presented.

In the present study, two cases of a microchannel heat sink are studied: i) with 50 wavy channels, and ii) with the addition of wavy tubes. Also, the effect of Nanofluid Ag/water-ethylene glycol 50% is investigated. ANSYS Fluent software was used to solve the equations expressed in the problem geometry. To solve the momentum equation, the second-order UPWIND method is used. Also, the SIMPLEC algorithm with a staggered pressure grid is employed to couple velocity and pressure fields. The results show that the addition of a microtube significantly increases the overall thermal coefficient of the system because despite the microtube and having two different geometries in a heatsink at the same time, the heat exchange between the body and the fluid increases so that in a flow without a microtube with Reynolds number 300, the average surface temperature is 315 , but the addition of a microtube reduces this temperature to 309 , which is equal to 6 degrees. Also, as the Reynolds number (Re) increases, the effect of increasing the concentration of nanoparticles enhances. The results demonstrate that the thermal entropy generation ( ) decreases at high values of Re. In addition, the decrease in frictional entropy generation ( ) due to the increase in nanoparticles is directly related to their concentration and independent of Re. So that the Percentage of decrease in friction entropy due to an increase in nanoparticle concentration relative to the pure fluid is equal to 1% for a concentration of 0.1% and 9% for a concentration of 1%. It is revealed that total entropy generation ( ) and  do not exhibit the same behavior.

Background: Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) is one of the effective and predictable surgical procedures for treatment of periodontal intrabony defects. The present study aimed to clinically evaluate and compare the efficacy of Amnion Membrane (AM) +Bio-Oss and Bio-Gide+Bio-Oss in GTR treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.Methods: In this study, chronic periodontitis patients who need periodontal regenerative surgery received phase I of periodontal treatment. After 1 month follow up, 10 patients with bilateral intrabony defects and radiographic evidence of intrabony component of ³ 4 mm and probing depth ³ 6 mm were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was treated by placement of AM+Bio-Oss, while the control group was managed by placement of Bio-Gide+Bio-Oss. Clinical parameters, including Periodontal Pocket Depth (PPD), Probing Bone (PB) level, Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), and gingival recession (REC), were recorded at baseline and 6 months after the surgery. Then, the data were analyzed using T-test.Results: A significant difference was observed regarding CAL, PB, and PPD after 6 months compared to before the surgery. In addition, significant changes were observed regarding CAL, PB, PPD, and REC in the control group. However, the mean changes in CAL, PB, and PPD before and after the surgery was not significant between the two groups. Yet, a significant increase was found in REC in the control group compared to the experimental group (P=0.009).Conclusion: Both AM and Bio-Gide in conjunction with Bio-Oss resulted in improvement of the clinical periodontal parameters. According to the results, AM did not induce any significant gingival recession. Thus, AM is recommended as a new barrier membrane in GTR treatment.

This study investigates nonlinear mixed convective hybrid Nanofluid flow over a spongy, inclined stretching surface. There are numerous applications of nonlinear convection, and it is especially pivotal in predicting weather patterns accurately and optimizing heat transfer for efficient electronic and industrial cooling systems. The flow is also influenced by the porous behavior of the plate and the presence of the microorganisms. The main emphasis is given to analyzing the influence of thermal and mass Grashof numbers for their nonlinear nature upon the flow system. The equations that administered the flow system are converted to dimensionless notations by using suitable variables. The homotopy analysis approach has been used for the solution of modeled equations. It has been perceived in this work that fluid velocity declines with the upsurge in inertial factor, permeability parameter, volume fraction, and magnetic factor. Thermal profiles upsurge with growth in Brownian, thermophoresis factors, Eckert number, and weaken with Prandtl number. Concentration of fluid increases with progression in the thermophoresis factor and drops with greater values of Schmidt number and Brownian factor. Density number has declined with growth in Peclet, Bioconvective Lewis numbers, and inclination angle. Over the range  the heat transfer rate jumps from 1.8057 to 2.1332 in case of , from 1.8057 to 2.1968 in case of  and it jumps from 1.8057 2.3177 in case of  that shows maximum heat transfer rate in case of variations in Eckert number.

In the present work, a mathematical model is developed and analyzed to study the influence of nanoparticle concentration through Brownian motion and thermophoresis diffusion. The governing system of PDEs is transformed into a coupled non-linear ODEs by using suitable variables. The converted equations are then solved by using robust shooting method with the help of MATLAB (bvp4c). The impacts of dynamic parameters on the flow, energy and concentration are discussed graphically. It is noticed that the mass transfer rate in case of regular fluid is lower than that of Nanofluid and the axial velocity converges to the boundary very fast in case of temperature dependent viscosity in comparison with the regular viscous fluid.

Background and Aim: Several different graft materials, e.g. autologous, allografts, alloplasts or xenografts have been used to preserve or reconstruct the ridge anatomy. The purpose of this study was to investigate histologically and histomorphometrically experimental defects that grafted with Bio-Gen and Bio-oss and influence of local delivery of Alendronate with graft materials on bone formation.Materials and Methods: This experimental study did in 5 dog’s tibia, 7 round intrabony defects, 6 mm in diameter and approximately 4 mm in depth were made with trephine bur, each defect in each tibia filled randomly with following groups: 1) Bio-Gen (Bio-teck)+BCG membrane, 2) BBM (Bio-Oss)+Bio-gide membrane, 3) Bio-Gen+alendronate+BCG membrane, 4) Bio-oss+alendronate+Bio-gide membrane, 5) BCG membrane, 6) Bio-gide membrane, 7) Control (empty). Animals developed euthanized after 3 months. Immediately after euthanasia the tibia bones were dissected out and the proximal part of the tibias containing the defects were removed in blocks and prepared for Histologic and Histomorphometric evaluation. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey procedures. P-values were less than 0.05.Results: Newly formed bone was well evident in all of the defects inflammatory cells were less than 10% in all of them. The mean percentage of new bone in these 4 groups (with grafted materials) was higher than the other ones (with membrane and without grafted materials) and control groups (p<0.05). There is no statistical different between Bio-Oss and Bio-Gen groups (with or without alendronate) in vital bone percentages.Conclusion: Application of single dose alendronate combination with Bio-oss or Bio-Gen granules doesn’t improves bone formation. Bio-Gen granules are considered an osteoconductive graft material suitable for regeneration of bone.